THREE LADDERS OF PARTICIPATION:
A PROPOSED MODEL FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL SPACES

TIMOTHY FULLER

Participation is vital to democracy, city planning and the organization of public spaces. This study examines how public social spaces can encourage participation and how to effectively evaluate it. Traditional models, like the ladder of participation dating back to the 1960s, have been adapted over time. The study proposes a new three-ladder model to better represent participation in public spaces, considering design, programming, and ownership factors.

MASTER'S THESIS SUPERVISED BY PROFESSOR DR.-ING PHILIPP DECHOW AND ULI SAILER